Sunday, January 26, 2020

Study Of Solubility Equilibrium Biology Essay

Study Of Solubility Equilibrium Biology Essay The solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water and it dependence of temperature were investigated in this experiment. The solubility product constant was determined at different temperature through acid-base titration against NaOH. A linear graph was obtained by plotting ln Ksp against 1/T and positive correlation between temperatures and solubility product constant was observed. This study concluded that solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate is dependent only on temperature. Introduction The aim of this experiment is to investigate the solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water and it dependence on temperature. Solubility is often defined the amount of substance required in obtaining a saturated solution. Therefore, only a small amount of potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6) is needed to produce a saturated solution as it has limited solubility in water. In the saturated solution, the rate of the dissociation of the solid is the same as the rate of the aqueous ions forming the solid compound; the solution is known to be at equilibrium. The equilibrium equation for KHC4H4O6 in the solution can be written as: The constant for the equilibrium equation can be expressed as: Ksp = [K+] [HC4H4O6-]. This constant is also known as the solubility product constant (Ksp) which has a fixed value for a given system at constant temperature. Thus, by finding out the concentration of the ions dissolved, the solubility product constant for KHC4H4O6 can be determined. From the equation above, the dissociation of KHC4H4O6 will produce equal amount of potassium ions (K+) and hydrogen tartrate ions (HC4H4O6-). Thus, by obtaining the concentration of one of the ions, the concentration of the other ion can be derived and the solubility product constant can be calculated. As HC4H4O6- behaves like a weak acid, its concentration can be determined by acid-base titration using NaOH, a strong base as the titrant, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. As NaOH and HC4H4O6- react with each other in 1:1 ratio, the amount of NaOH used in the titration will be equal to the amount of HC4H4O6- present in the solution. While Ksp is fixed at a certain condition, changes in temperature will affect the value of Ksp. According to the vant hoff equation, the value of Ksp is related to the change in Gibbs free energy and can be expressed as: From the equation, the solubility product constant depends on three variables which are the change in enthalpy, the change in entropy and the temperature. The change in entropy and enthalpy with respect to temperature were stated to be insignificant due to the similar heat capacities of the product and reactants. This suggests a linear trend between the remaining variable and Ksp [1]. Therefore, a graph of natural logarithm of Ksp versus the reciprocal of temperature can be plot which the gradient of the graph can be used to calculate the enthalpy change and the y-intercept for the entropy change. Thus, the relationship between Ksp and temperature can be observed. Experimental Procedure Dried KHC8H4O4 (0.5002 g) was prepared in a 250 mL conical flask with the help of an analytical balance. Deionized water (25.0 mL) was added into the flask and a standard solution of KHC8H4O4 was obtained. The prepared solution was then titrated against an unknown concentration of NaOH to the endpoint, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of NaOH used was recorded. The entire procedure was then repeated with different masses KHC8H4O4 (0.5039 g, 0.5033 g). The concentration of the NaOH was calculated from the volume of NaOH used and tabulated in Table 1. A saturated KHC4H4O6 solution was prepared by adding one gram of KHC8H4O4 into a 250 mL conical flask, containing 100.0 mL of deionized water. The flask was swirled for five minutes and put to rest with occasional swirling for another five minutes at room temperature. At the end of ten minutes, the solution was then filtered and the supernatant was collected in a dry 250 mL conical flask. Concurrently, the temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded. Two portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into two separate 250 mL conical flasks. The two solutions were titrated against the 0.7070M NaOH solution to the endpoint, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of the NaOH used was recorded. The procedure was then repeated for different temperatures. For temperature above room temperature, a hot water bath was prepared in a one litre beaker on a hotplate stirrer. The saturated KHC4H4O6 solution was prepared in the same way but was placed in a hot water bath with constant stirring, using a stir bar. The solution was put aside with occasional monitoring until a constant temperature was observed. Next, the solution was decanted in small amount into a dry conical flask. The temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded concurrently. Three portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into three separate 250 mL conical flasks. For temperature below room temperature, an ice-water bath was prepared in a one litre beaker. The solution was also prepared in the same way as the previous procedure and was placed into the ice-water bath. The solution was cooled until the solution stabilized at a certain temperature. The solution was then filtered and the temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded. Three portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into three separate 250 mL conical flasks similar to the above room temperature setup. The six solutions were then placed aside for it to return to room temperature and then titrated against the standardized NaOH. The solutions were titrated the same way as the titration done at room temperature. The volume of NaOH used was recorded for the different solutions were recorded. The average volume of NaOH used for the same temperature was then calculated and tabulated in Table 2. Data Treatment and Analysis The calculations of [HC4H4O6-], [K+] and Ksp at 302.15K: [NaOH] = 7.070 x 10-2 mol L-1 Amount of NaOH used = (7.070 x 10-2 mol L-1) (1.2825 x 10-2 L) = 9.067 x 10-4 mol Amount of HC4H4O6- = Amount of NaOH used = 9.067 x 10-4 mol [HC4H4O6-] = [K+] = 9.067 x 10-4 / (0.0250 L) = 3.63 x 10-2 mol L-1 Ksp = [K+] [HC4H4O6-] = (3.63 x 10-2 mol L-1)2 = 1.32 x 10-3 The calculated value of [K+], [HC4H4O6-] and Ksp were tabulated into the table below: Table 2: Determination of Ksp of KHC4H4O6 at different temperature Temperature / K Average Vol. of NaOH used / L Amount of NaOH used / mol [HC4H4O6-] / mol L-1 [K+] / mol L-1 Kspof KHC4H4O6 285.15 7.4750 x 10-3 5.327 x 10-4 2.13 x 10-2 2.13 x 10-2 4.54 x 10-4 294.15 1.0075 x 10-2 7.180 x 10-4 2.87 x 10-2 2.87 x 10-2 8.25 x 10-4 302.15 1.2825 x 10-2 9.067 x 10-4 3.63 x 10-2 3.63 x 10-2 1.32 x 10-3 309.15 1.6375 x 10-2 1.158 x 10-3 4.63 x 10-2 4.63 x 10-2 2.14 x 10-3 320.15 2.2375 x 10-2 1.582 x 10-3 6.33 x 10-2 6.33 x 10-2 4.00 x 10-3 Based on the temperature and Ksp value obtained in Table 1, values of 1/T and ln Ksp were calculated and tabulated in Table 3. A graph was plotted based on the values: Figure 1: Graph of Ksp versus 1/T From Figure 1, the gradient and y-intercept was obtained as shown in Table 4. The enthalpy change and entropy change was calculated based on the vant hoff equation: Gradient = (/ R) = -5692.06 Standard deviation of gradient: Â ± 99.87 = (-5692.06 x 8.314) Â ± (99.87 x 8.314) = (47.32 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1 Y-intercept = (/ R) = 12.25 Â ± 0.33 Standard deviation of Y-intercept = Â ± 0.33 = (12.25 x 8.314) Â ± (0.33 x 8.314) = (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1 The standard error of regression was found to be 0.0295. (Number of measurements = 6, Degree of Freedom = 4) Results and Discussion From the data obtained, the calculated values of and were (47.3 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1 and (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1 respectively. Ksp of KHC4H4O6 was found to be 1.32 x 10-3 at 302.15K. It was observed that a linear graph was obtained upon plotting ln Ksp against the reciprocal of T. The increase in temperature was also found to correlate with the increase of Ksp values. The literature Ksp value for KHC4H4O6 is 3.8 x 10-4 at 291.15K. [2] The approximated Ksp value that corresponds to 291.15k based on experimental data was calculated to be 6.755 x 10-4 as shown in the Appendices. Linear Relationship between T and Ksp Based on figure 1, a linear model was observed between the reciprocal of T and the natural logarithm of Ksp. This was supported by the R-square value of 0.99 which greatly suggests a linear trend from the experimental data plotted. The standard error of regression obtained from the experiment was found to be 0.0295, which indicates a good fit among the experimental values obtained, corresponding to a good precision of the experimental data. Thus from the linear trend, the claim of insignificant changes of enthalpy and entropy due to temperature changes was valid. Therefore, the assumption that the value of Ksp is dependent only on temperature at which the dissolution occurs can be established. Comparison of Literature values The estimated Ksp value based on experimental data was 6.755 x 10-4 at 291.15K and was found to be 43.75% higher than the literature value (3.8 x 10-4) [2]. The difference could be accounted to the limitation of this experiment. As the experiment was carried out in different temperature, one of the limitations was due to the apparatus used. The volumetric glass pipette used was calibrated at 20 , thus at other temperature, expansion or contraction might occur leading to the inaccurate volume transferred for titration after the filtering process. Another source of error was noted to be the temperature fluctuation during the filtering process. Although the solution were decant in small portions to minimize errors, rapid increase of the temperature for the cold temperature reading was observed. This corresponds to the increase in the ions concentration dissolved in the solution, thus resulting in a higher value of Ksp. Despite the percentage difference of 43.75%, the difference between both values was actually small due to the fact that the Ksp of KHC4H4O6 is a very small value. When the uncertainty of the enthalpy change and entropy change was taken into account, the experimental Ksp value was assumed to be between 3.446 x 10-4 and 1.324 x 10-3(Refer to Appendices). The literature value was noted to be within this range, thus the experimental data do agree with the theoretical value of KHC4H4O6. Change of Enthalpy and Entropy The change of enthalpy from the reaction was found to be (47.3 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1. The positive enthalpy change means that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 was an endothermic process where heat was absorbed during the process. This was expected as the dissolution breaks up the stronger ionic bonds within KHC4H4O6 and weaker bonds between the water molecules and the ions was formed. These resulted in a positive net change for enthalpy for the reaction, which is consistent with the positive enthalpy change derived from the experimental data. The change of entropy was found to be (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1. As entropy was often defined as a measure of disorder, the positive entropy can be explained with the increased disorder brought about when the when KHC4H4O6 dissolved into ions. As the value of enthalpy change was much larger than the entropy change, in order to get a larger value of ln K based on the vant hoff equation, higher temperature was required. This coincide with high temperature favors endothermic process such as dissolution of KHC4H4O6, thus it can be concluded that temperature have a positive correlation with Ksp. Conclusion Ksp have a linear relationship with temperature for KHC4H4O6. The temperature dependent of enthalpy change and entropy change was found to be insignificant for the dissolution of KHC4H4O6. As dissolution is an endothermic process, temperature has a positive correlation with Ksp, thus higher temperature allow more KHC4H4O6 to dissolve. This concluded that solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate is dependent only on temperature.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Nature Reactive Architecture – Water Research Centre

Nature Reactive Architecture – Water Research Centre 001.jpg"/> Abstraction In the procedure of Reconstruction of damaged environmental systems the human activity that chiefly causes the harm is overlooked. This attack consequences in superficial solutions which normally fail in the long tally. The chief aim of this thesis is to happen new attacks of environmental solutions through architectural intercession which would reenforce both human and environmental activity and besides achieve spacial reawakening of such barrens. For this intent the theoretical constructs of a boundary line presented by Lebbeus Woods will be used to suggest a alone architectural intercession particular to the marginal status. The features of boundary line conditions are built-in at the Bankss of Rawal Lake. The adult male made reservoir is being threatened by unbridled development engendering near its Bankss. The job of sewerage being disposed straight into the lake has surfaced. The imbibing H2O modesty is quickly being polluted and similar human activity is damaging the environmental systems of the country. The lake has a great potency for development of new and bing systems. For this intent a H2O research Centre is being proposed for the site which will besides integrate plans that will be developed from the systems working on the site. Keywords:Borderline, Ecotones, Water Architecture, Hybrid Architecture, Integration of Systems Terminology Ecotone:Anecotoneis a passage country between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and incorporate. It may be narrow or broad, and it may be local ( the zone between a field and forest ) or regional ( the passage between wood and grassland ecosystems ) . Graves, R. ( 2011 ) . Ecotone. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eoearth.org/view/article/152345 Boundary line:Borderline is the natural infinite for transmutation, where systems of all sorts collide and abrade, as the universe breaks up, non into pandemonium, but instead into new forms of order. ( Woods 1998, 35 ) Table of contents Cover pagei Abstract two Terminologyiii Chapter One 1 IntroductionTheoretical ConceptsSite Description2 Thesis Statement 3 Aims 4 Rationale 5 Scope 6 Strategic Plan Chapter two 7 Research and Research Methodology 7.1 research stages 7.2 research scheme 7.2.1. Research Topic choice 7.2.2. Literature reappraisal 7.2.3. Conceptual model 7.2.4. Research inquiries 7.2.5. Required information 7.2.6. Research scheme 8 site 8.1. Site choice standards and impact 8.2. Site survey Bibliography 1 Introduction Harmonizing to Tadao Ando: â€Å"The presence of architecture: regardless of its self-contained character – necessarily creates a new landscape. This implies the necessity of detecting the architecture which the site itself is seeking† . The undertaking will research the possibility of mixing nature and architecture which will ensue a intercrossed solution for a landscape which has lost its character of infinite and clip. Every landscape requires a alone architecture that suits its being and which reinforces its built-in character. In the instance of the Bankss of Rawal Lake, the area’s whole being and character is based upon its multiple marginal conditions. 1.1 Theoretical constructs â€Å"The natural infinite for this transmutation is the boundary line, where systems of all sorts collide and abrade, as the universe breaks up, non into pandemonium, but instead into new forms of order† ( Woods 1998, 35 ) The undermentioned thesis description will use the word boundary line as was defined and explained by Lebbeus Woods. The boundary line identifies the bing status when the superimposition of assorted systems takes topographic point, responding and clashing to supply a new landscape ( Woods, 30 ) . These systems emerge from a broad scope of human and biological activity, they can be anything from societal conditions to ecological and biological conditions and more specifically trade with environmental phenomena, disused or turning substructure, and fluctuating economic activity. It is apparent in the biological phenomena such as cell membrane and ecotones that most of the growing and development occurs in the boundary line conditions. Such infinites are a natural land for transmutation and version with interacting systems. These overlying systems create landscapes that can incubate architectural redefinition and crave an architectural idea or as suggested by Forests,provides the evidences for the development of a new ‘mode of culture.’ This thought has generated the cardinal thesis proposition. By designation of overlying systems and an appropriate reaction, new antiphonal architectural typology can emerge. Basically the thesis challenges the traditional attack of architectural intercessions in the instance of an interesting boundary line scene. The purpose is to research new originative responses to overlying conditions in countries which do non by and large welcome development. In other words, an architecture that non merely embraces overlapping systems but enhances their being. This will be achieved after comprehensive research of the systems the chosen site embodies. 1.2 Site Description The boundary line under scrutiny for the thesis exists at the Bankss of Rawal dike in Islamabad. The bank is a boundary line of two ecotones ( H2O and land ) and besides it lies at the urban periphery of Islamabad and is a average land between planned and unplanned development. Rawal Lake is an unreal lake constructed in 1960s. It is one of the two chief H2O beginnings for the duplicate metropoliss of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The H2O is fed into the lake through Korang River and natural watercourses emerging from the Margallas. It serves as the chief beginning of imbibing in add-on it besides beginnings H2O to the nearby agricultural land. However what is of greater involvement sing this thesis is the clashing systems bing on its Bankss, some triggered by human colony and activity and some ensuing from evolutionary procedures. The unreal reservoir has become a great supplier of life in the part. It is a sanctuary for legion ecological systems and has become a survival land for the vegetations and zoologies of the country. It has besides facilitated diverse human activity. Its Bankss are today being used for recreational activity which is bring forthing noteworthy economic growing. With recent outgrowth of unbridled building the job of sewerage disposal into the lake has arisen. Sing that it serves as the chief supply of imbibing H2O of Rawalpindi, it is a serious concern. Taking these parametric quantities in consideration, the undertaking will develop within the interplay of human activity and environmental system tied with the H2O of the reservoir. 2 Statement Spatial reawakening at the Bankss of Rawal Lake through development of a new architectural typology from interacting systems. 2.1 Sub statement: Borderline is a natural infinite for transmutation. It hosts covering systems and have great originative potency. An ecotone is an illustration of a state of affairs where different systems collide. From these superimposed systems a H2O research Centre will emerge with plans derived from interacting systems, composed of a filter house and a life park for worlds and wildlife. 3 Aims The thesis aims to accomplish the aims set out below:Development of an architectural typology which integrates and emphasizes the relationship between natural and human systems on the Bankss of Rawal LakeSpatial reawakening of the country associated with Rawal Lake through societal, economic and environmental upheavalProposing new systems to heighten the bing substructureCreate an architectural typology which may direct hereafter development tendencies4 Rationale Rawal Lake has become a great supplier of life within the bounds of its being. It is a sanctuary for legion ecological systems and has become a survival land for the vegetations and zoologies of the country. It has besides facilitated diverse human activity. Its Bankss are today being used for recreational activity which is bring forthing noteworthy economic growing. It besides has the potency of bring forthing electricity. With recent outgrowth of unbridled building the job of sewerage disposal into the lake as arisen. Sing that it serves as the chief supply of imbibing H2O of the country, it is a serious concern. Its place and map can show great chances of development which can travel beyond the map of merely diversion. It exists on the urban periphery of Islamabad and can supply interesting province of personal businesss mediated in planned and unplanned development. 5 Scope The range of work outlined for the undertaking is as follows:The undertaking will see the full entity of the lake. Different ecological and human systems associated with the H2O organic structure will be considered, but the proposed architectural solutions will be confined to the country of the selected site. The undertaking will non research the urban impact of the solution. It will bring forth a paradigm of an architecture that enhances and regulates the environmental systems of Rawal lake6 Strategic Plan Bibliography Forests, Lebbeus, and Ekkehard Rehfeld, eds. , Borderline. New York: Springer Wien, 1998. Groat, Linda and David Wang. Architectural Research Methods ( 2002 ) McKloskey, Francis, â€Å" Borderline- Part 5 † ( 2014 ) .Senior Theses.Paper 206. hypertext transfer protocol: //surface.syr.edu/architecture_theses/206 I

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Venezuelan Media Censorship Essay - 1375 Words

Media censorship destroys the necessary objective journalism of a country and disturbs the freedom of expression of all citizens as well as the democracy of the country itself. There are many countries in the world whose governments impose such censorship in order to prevent information contrary to their beliefs to be known. The question is: how far would a government go to silence so many voices? Venezuela should be a democratic country with freedom of expression as its constitution states. The government should not violate the law by preventing the media from announcing news that all citizens and the rest of the world need to know regarding to what is happening in Venezuela everyday. It is commonly known that all citizens should have the†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the real question is, if the president of the country and the attorney general commit these serious violations to the law by censoring citizens to express him or herself, what would prevent the citizens from disrespecting the constitution as well? As mentioned before, people in charge of the Venezuelan government have made so many violations to the law and human rights that it alarmed several international organizations. To illustrate, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights received several reports and petitions in the past years in order to protect human rights violated by the government (Brewer-Carà ­as, 2010 p.386-387). Some examples of those violations are attacks to freedom of expression by closing TV channels and radio stations, and numerous physical attacks to journalists from the opposition. In fact, Venezuelan human rights have suffered in the past decade as never before, calling attention to several establishments to protect human rights as the example mentioned above. However, others might argue the distortion of this freedom of expression law by explaining that some news reports are not informed accurately. As Brewer-Carà ­as states, â€Å"the problem with this law is the definition of the â€Å"official† truth and the rejection of any other possible truth† (2010, p.153). Therefore, the view some people might argue in regard to freedom ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Writing1044 Words   |  5 PagesAsia† reviewed by the instructor, I started one of the sentences with â€Å"However, the amount and pattern †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in order to connect this new sentence to my previous one by showing contrast. 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Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Who Is Eduardo San Juan, Designer of the Lunar Rover

Mechanical engineer Eduardo San Juan (aka The Space Junkman) worked on the team that invented the Lunar Rover, or Moon Buggy. San Juan is considered the primary designer of the Lunar Rover. He was also the designer of the Articulated Wheel System. Prior to the Apollo program, San Juan worked on the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). First Use of the Moon Buggy In 1971, the Moon Buggy was first used during the Apollo 12 landing to explore the moon. The Lunar Rover was a  battery-powered,  four-wheeled  rover  also used on the moon  in the last three missions of the American  Apollo program  (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. The Lunar Rover was transported to the moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry one or two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the moon. What Is a Moon Buggy Anyway? The Moon Buggy weighed  460 pounds and was designed to hold a  payload  of 1,080 pounds.  The frame was 10 feet long with a wheelbase of 7.5 feet. The vehicle was 3.6 feet tall. The frame was made of  aluminum alloy  tubing welded assemblies and consisted of a three-part chassis that was hinged in the center so it could be folded up and hung in the Lunar Module Quadrant 1 bay. It had two side-by-side foldable seats made of tubular  aluminum with nylon webbing and aluminum floor panels. An armrest was mounted between the seats, and each seat had adjustable footrests and a  Velcro-fastened seat belt. A large mesh dish antenna was mounted on a mast on the front center of the rover. The suspension consisted of a double horizontal wishbone with upper and lower torsion bars and a damper unit between the chassis and upper wishbone. Eduardo San Juans Education and Awards Eduardo San Juan graduated from Mapua Institute of Technology. He then studied nuclear engineering at the University of Washington. In 1978, San Juan received one of the Ten Outstanding Men (TOM) awards in science and technology. On a Personal Note Elisabeth San Juan, the proud daughter of Eduardo San Juan, had the following to say about her father: When my father submitted the conceptual design for the Lunar Rover he submitted it via Brown Engineering, a company owned by Lady Bird Johnson. During the final test demonstration to select one design from various submissions, his was the only one that worked. Thus, his design won the NASA Contract. His overall concept and design of the Articulated Wheel System was considered brilliant. Each wheel appendage was mounted not underneath the vehicle, but was placed outside the body of the vehicle, and each was motorized. Wheels could work independently of the others. It was designed to negotiate crater ingress and egress. The other vehicles did not make it into or out of the test crater. Our father, Eduardo San Juan, was a very positively-charged creative who enjoyed a healthy sense of humor.