Study Of Solubility Equilibrium Biology Essay

Study Of Solubility Equilibrium Biology Essay The solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water and it dependence of temperature were investigated in this experiment. The solubility product constant was determined at different temperature through acid-base titration against NaOH. A linear graph was obtained by plotting ln Ksp against 1/T and positive correlation between temperatures and solubility product constant was observed. This study concluded that solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate is dependent only on temperature. Introduction The aim of this experiment is to investigate the solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water and it dependence on temperature. Solubility is often defined the amount of substance required in obtaining a saturated solution. Therefore, only a small amount of potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6) is needed to produce a saturated solution as it has limited solubility in water. In the saturated solution, the rate of the dissociation of the solid is the same as the rate of the aqueous ions forming the solid compound; the solution is known to be at equilibrium. The equilibrium equation for KHC4H4O6 in the solution can be written as: The constant for the equilibrium equation can be expressed as: Ksp = [K+] [HC4H4O6-]. This constant is also known as the solubility product constant (Ksp) which has a fixed value for a given system at constant temperature. Thus, by finding out the concentration of the ions dissolved, the solubility product constant for KHC4H4O6 can be determined. From the equation above, the dissociation of KHC4H4O6 will produce equal amount of potassium ions (K+) and hydrogen tartrate ions (HC4H4O6-). Thus, by obtaining the concentration of one of the ions, the concentration of the other ion can be derived and the solubility product constant can be calculated. As HC4H4O6- behaves like a weak acid, its concentration can be determined by acid-base titration using NaOH, a strong base as the titrant, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. As NaOH and HC4H4O6- react with each other in 1:1 ratio, the amount of NaOH used in the titration will be equal to the amount of HC4H4O6- present in the solution. While Ksp is fixed at a certain condition, changes in temperature will affect the value of Ksp. According to the vant hoff equation, the value of Ksp is related to the change in Gibbs free energy and can be expressed as: From the equation, the solubility product constant depends on three variables which are the change in enthalpy, the change in entropy and the temperature. The change in entropy and enthalpy with respect to temperature were stated to be insignificant due to the similar heat capacities of the product and reactants. This suggests a linear trend between the remaining variable and Ksp [1]. Therefore, a graph of natural logarithm of Ksp versus the reciprocal of temperature can be plot which the gradient of the graph can be used to calculate the enthalpy change and the y-intercept for the entropy change. Thus, the relationship between Ksp and temperature can be observed. Experimental Procedure Dried KHC8H4O4 (0.5002 g) was prepared in a 250 mL conical flask with the help of an analytical balance. Deionized water (25.0 mL) was added into the flask and a standard solution of KHC8H4O4 was obtained. The prepared solution was then titrated against an unknown concentration of NaOH to the endpoint, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of NaOH used was recorded. The entire procedure was then repeated with different masses KHC8H4O4 (0.5039 g, 0.5033 g). The concentration of the NaOH was calculated from the volume of NaOH used and tabulated in Table 1. A saturated KHC4H4O6 solution was prepared by adding one gram of KHC8H4O4 into a 250 mL conical flask, containing 100.0 mL of deionized water. The flask was swirled for five minutes and put to rest with occasional swirling for another five minutes at room temperature. At the end of ten minutes, the solution was then filtered and the supernatant was collected in a dry 250 mL conical flask. Concurrently, the temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded. Two portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into two separate 250 mL conical flasks. The two solutions were titrated against the 0.7070M NaOH solution to the endpoint, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of the NaOH used was recorded. The procedure was then repeated for different temperatures. For temperature above room temperature, a hot water bath was prepared in a one litre beaker on a hotplate stirrer. The saturated KHC4H4O6 solution was prepared in the same way but was placed in a hot water bath with constant stirring, using a stir bar. The solution was put aside with occasional monitoring until a constant temperature was observed. Next, the solution was decanted in small amount into a dry conical flask. The temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded concurrently. Three portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into three separate 250 mL conical flasks. For temperature below room temperature, an ice-water bath was prepared in a one litre beaker. The solution was also prepared in the same way as the previous procedure and was placed into the ice-water bath. The solution was cooled until the solution stabilized at a certain temperature. The solution was then filtered and the temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded. Three portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into three separate 250 mL conical flasks similar to the above room temperature setup. The six solutions were then placed aside for it to return to room temperature and then titrated against the standardized NaOH. The solutions were titrated the same way as the titration done at room temperature. The volume of NaOH used was recorded for the different solutions were recorded. The average volume of NaOH used for the same temperature was then calculated and tabulated in Table 2. Data Treatment and Analysis The calculations of [HC4H4O6-], [K+] and Ksp at 302.15K: [NaOH] = 7.070 x 10-2 mol L-1 Amount of NaOH used = (7.070 x 10-2 mol L-1) (1.2825 x 10-2 L) = 9.067 x 10-4 mol Amount of HC4H4O6- = Amount of NaOH used = 9.067 x 10-4 mol [HC4H4O6-] = [K+] = 9.067 x 10-4 / (0.0250 L) = 3.63 x 10-2 mol L-1 Ksp = [K+] [HC4H4O6-] = (3.63 x 10-2 mol L-1)2 = 1.32 x 10-3 The calculated value of [K+], [HC4H4O6-] and Ksp were tabulated into the table below: Table 2: Determination of Ksp of KHC4H4O6 at different temperature Temperature / K Average Vol. of NaOH used / L Amount of NaOH used / mol [HC4H4O6-] / mol L-1 [K+] / mol L-1 Kspof KHC4H4O6 285.15 7.4750 x 10-3 5.327 x 10-4 2.13 x 10-2 2.13 x 10-2 4.54 x 10-4 294.15 1.0075 x 10-2 7.180 x 10-4 2.87 x 10-2 2.87 x 10-2 8.25 x 10-4 302.15 1.2825 x 10-2 9.067 x 10-4 3.63 x 10-2 3.63 x 10-2 1.32 x 10-3 309.15 1.6375 x 10-2 1.158 x 10-3 4.63 x 10-2 4.63 x 10-2 2.14 x 10-3 320.15 2.2375 x 10-2 1.582 x 10-3 6.33 x 10-2 6.33 x 10-2 4.00 x 10-3 Based on the temperature and Ksp value obtained in Table 1, values of 1/T and ln Ksp were calculated and tabulated in Table 3. A graph was plotted based on the values: Figure 1: Graph of Ksp versus 1/T From Figure 1, the gradient and y-intercept was obtained as shown in Table 4. The enthalpy change and entropy change was calculated based on the vant hoff equation: Gradient = (/ R) = -5692.06 Standard deviation of gradient: Â ± 99.87 = (-5692.06 x 8.314) Â ± (99.87 x 8.314) = (47.32 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1 Y-intercept = (/ R) = 12.25 Â ± 0.33 Standard deviation of Y-intercept = Â ± 0.33 = (12.25 x 8.314) Â ± (0.33 x 8.314) = (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1 The standard error of regression was found to be 0.0295. (Number of measurements = 6, Degree of Freedom = 4) Results and Discussion From the data obtained, the calculated values of and were (47.3 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1 and (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1 respectively. Ksp of KHC4H4O6 was found to be 1.32 x 10-3 at 302.15K. It was observed that a linear graph was obtained upon plotting ln Ksp against the reciprocal of T. The increase in temperature was also found to correlate with the increase of Ksp values. The literature Ksp value for KHC4H4O6 is 3.8 x 10-4 at 291.15K. [2] The approximated Ksp value that corresponds to 291.15k based on experimental data was calculated to be 6.755 x 10-4 as shown in the Appendices. Linear Relationship between T and Ksp Based on figure 1, a linear model was observed between the reciprocal of T and the natural logarithm of Ksp. This was supported by the R-square value of 0.99 which greatly suggests a linear trend from the experimental data plotted. The standard error of regression obtained from the experiment was found to be 0.0295, which indicates a good fit among the experimental values obtained, corresponding to a good precision of the experimental data. Thus from the linear trend, the claim of insignificant changes of enthalpy and entropy due to temperature changes was valid. Therefore, the assumption that the value of Ksp is dependent only on temperature at which the dissolution occurs can be established. Comparison of Literature values The estimated Ksp value based on experimental data was 6.755 x 10-4 at 291.15K and was found to be 43.75% higher than the literature value (3.8 x 10-4) [2]. The difference could be accounted to the limitation of this experiment. As the experiment was carried out in different temperature, one of the limitations was due to the apparatus used. The volumetric glass pipette used was calibrated at 20 , thus at other temperature, expansion or contraction might occur leading to the inaccurate volume transferred for titration after the filtering process. Another source of error was noted to be the temperature fluctuation during the filtering process. Although the solution were decant in small portions to minimize errors, rapid increase of the temperature for the cold temperature reading was observed. This corresponds to the increase in the ions concentration dissolved in the solution, thus resulting in a higher value of Ksp. Despite the percentage difference of 43.75%, the difference between both values was actually small due to the fact that the Ksp of KHC4H4O6 is a very small value. When the uncertainty of the enthalpy change and entropy change was taken into account, the experimental Ksp value was assumed to be between 3.446 x 10-4 and 1.324 x 10-3(Refer to Appendices). The literature value was noted to be within this range, thus the experimental data do agree with the theoretical value of KHC4H4O6. Change of Enthalpy and Entropy The change of enthalpy from the reaction was found to be (47.3 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1. The positive enthalpy change means that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 was an endothermic process where heat was absorbed during the process. This was expected as the dissolution breaks up the stronger ionic bonds within KHC4H4O6 and weaker bonds between the water molecules and the ions was formed. These resulted in a positive net change for enthalpy for the reaction, which is consistent with the positive enthalpy change derived from the experimental data. The change of entropy was found to be (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1. As entropy was often defined as a measure of disorder, the positive entropy can be explained with the increased disorder brought about when the when KHC4H4O6 dissolved into ions. As the value of enthalpy change was much larger than the entropy change, in order to get a larger value of ln K based on the vant hoff equation, higher temperature was required. This coincide with high temperature favors endothermic process such as dissolution of KHC4H4O6, thus it can be concluded that temperature have a positive correlation with Ksp. Conclusion Ksp have a linear relationship with temperature for KHC4H4O6. The temperature dependent of enthalpy change and entropy change was found to be insignificant for the dissolution of KHC4H4O6. As dissolution is an endothermic process, temperature has a positive correlation with Ksp, thus higher temperature allow more KHC4H4O6 to dissolve. This concluded that solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate is dependent only on temperature.

Nature Reactive Architecture – Water Research Centre

Nature Reactive Architecture – Water Research Centre 001.jpg"/> Abstraction In the procedure of Reconstruction of damaged environmental systems the human activity that chiefly causes the harm is overlooked. This attack consequences in superficial solutions which normally fail in the long tally. The chief aim of this thesis is to happen new attacks of environmental solutions through architectural intercession which would reenforce both human and environmental activity and besides achieve spacial reawakening of such barrens. For this intent the theoretical constructs of a boundary line presented by Lebbeus Woods will be used to suggest a alone architectural intercession particular to the marginal status. The features of boundary line conditions are built-in at the Bankss of Rawal Lake. The adult male made reservoir is being threatened by unbridled development engendering near its Bankss. The job of sewerage being disposed straight into the lake has surfaced. The imbibing H2O modesty is quickly being polluted and similar human activity is damaging the environmental systems of the country. The lake has a great potency for development of new and bing systems. For this intent a H2O research Centre is being proposed for the site which will besides integrate plans that will be developed from the systems working on the site. Keywords:Borderline, Ecotones, Water Architecture, Hybrid Architecture, Integration of Systems Terminology Ecotone:Anecotoneis a passage country between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and incorporate. It may be narrow or broad, and it may be local ( the zone between a field and forest ) or regional ( the passage between wood and grassland ecosystems ) . Graves, R. ( 2011 ) . Ecotone. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eoearth.org/view/article/152345 Boundary line:Borderline is the natural infinite for transmutation, where systems of all sorts collide and abrade, as the universe breaks up, non into pandemonium, but instead into new forms of order. ( Woods 1998, 35 ) Table of contents Cover pagei Abstract two Terminologyiii Chapter One 1 IntroductionTheoretical ConceptsSite Description2 Thesis Statement 3 Aims 4 Rationale 5 Scope 6 Strategic Plan Chapter two 7 Research and Research Methodology 7.1 research stages 7.2 research scheme 7.2.1. Research Topic choice 7.2.2. Literature reappraisal 7.2.3. Conceptual model 7.2.4. Research inquiries 7.2.5. Required information 7.2.6. Research scheme 8 site 8.1. Site choice standards and impact 8.2. Site survey Bibliography 1 Introduction Harmonizing to Tadao Ando: â€Å"The presence of architecture: regardless of its self-contained character – necessarily creates a new landscape. This implies the necessity of detecting the architecture which the site itself is seeking† . The undertaking will research the possibility of mixing nature and architecture which will ensue a intercrossed solution for a landscape which has lost its character of infinite and clip. Every landscape requires a alone architecture that suits its being and which reinforces its built-in character. In the instance of the Bankss of Rawal Lake, the area’s whole being and character is based upon its multiple marginal conditions. 1.1 Theoretical constructs â€Å"The natural infinite for this transmutation is the boundary line, where systems of all sorts collide and abrade, as the universe breaks up, non into pandemonium, but instead into new forms of order† ( Woods 1998, 35 ) The undermentioned thesis description will use the word boundary line as was defined and explained by Lebbeus Woods. The boundary line identifies the bing status when the superimposition of assorted systems takes topographic point, responding and clashing to supply a new landscape ( Woods, 30 ) . These systems emerge from a broad scope of human and biological activity, they can be anything from societal conditions to ecological and biological conditions and more specifically trade with environmental phenomena, disused or turning substructure, and fluctuating economic activity. It is apparent in the biological phenomena such as cell membrane and ecotones that most of the growing and development occurs in the boundary line conditions. Such infinites are a natural land for transmutation and version with interacting systems. These overlying systems create landscapes that can incubate architectural redefinition and crave an architectural idea or as suggested by Forests,provides the evidences for the development of a new ‘mode of culture.’ This thought has generated the cardinal thesis proposition. By designation of overlying systems and an appropriate reaction, new antiphonal architectural typology can emerge. Basically the thesis challenges the traditional attack of architectural intercessions in the instance of an interesting boundary line scene. The purpose is to research new originative responses to overlying conditions in countries which do non by and large welcome development. In other words, an architecture that non merely embraces overlapping systems but enhances their being. This will be achieved after comprehensive research of the systems the chosen site embodies. 1.2 Site Description The boundary line under scrutiny for the thesis exists at the Bankss of Rawal dike in Islamabad. The bank is a boundary line of two ecotones ( H2O and land ) and besides it lies at the urban periphery of Islamabad and is a average land between planned and unplanned development. Rawal Lake is an unreal lake constructed in 1960s. It is one of the two chief H2O beginnings for the duplicate metropoliss of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The H2O is fed into the lake through Korang River and natural watercourses emerging from the Margallas. It serves as the chief beginning of imbibing in add-on it besides beginnings H2O to the nearby agricultural land. However what is of greater involvement sing this thesis is the clashing systems bing on its Bankss, some triggered by human colony and activity and some ensuing from evolutionary procedures. The unreal reservoir has become a great supplier of life in the part. It is a sanctuary for legion ecological systems and has become a survival land for the vegetations and zoologies of the country. It has besides facilitated diverse human activity. Its Bankss are today being used for recreational activity which is bring forthing noteworthy economic growing. With recent outgrowth of unbridled building the job of sewerage disposal into the lake has arisen. Sing that it serves as the chief supply of imbibing H2O of Rawalpindi, it is a serious concern. Taking these parametric quantities in consideration, the undertaking will develop within the interplay of human activity and environmental system tied with the H2O of the reservoir. 2 Statement Spatial reawakening at the Bankss of Rawal Lake through development of a new architectural typology from interacting systems. 2.1 Sub statement: Borderline is a natural infinite for transmutation. It hosts covering systems and have great originative potency. An ecotone is an illustration of a state of affairs where different systems collide. From these superimposed systems a H2O research Centre will emerge with plans derived from interacting systems, composed of a filter house and a life park for worlds and wildlife. 3 Aims The thesis aims to accomplish the aims set out below:Development of an architectural typology which integrates and emphasizes the relationship between natural and human systems on the Bankss of Rawal LakeSpatial reawakening of the country associated with Rawal Lake through societal, economic and environmental upheavalProposing new systems to heighten the bing substructureCreate an architectural typology which may direct hereafter development tendencies4 Rationale Rawal Lake has become a great supplier of life within the bounds of its being. It is a sanctuary for legion ecological systems and has become a survival land for the vegetations and zoologies of the country. It has besides facilitated diverse human activity. Its Bankss are today being used for recreational activity which is bring forthing noteworthy economic growing. It besides has the potency of bring forthing electricity. With recent outgrowth of unbridled building the job of sewerage disposal into the lake as arisen. Sing that it serves as the chief supply of imbibing H2O of the country, it is a serious concern. Its place and map can show great chances of development which can travel beyond the map of merely diversion. It exists on the urban periphery of Islamabad and can supply interesting province of personal businesss mediated in planned and unplanned development. 5 Scope The range of work outlined for the undertaking is as follows:The undertaking will see the full entity of the lake. Different ecological and human systems associated with the H2O organic structure will be considered, but the proposed architectural solutions will be confined to the country of the selected site. The undertaking will non research the urban impact of the solution. It will bring forth a paradigm of an architecture that enhances and regulates the environmental systems of Rawal lake6 Strategic Plan Bibliography Forests, Lebbeus, and Ekkehard Rehfeld, eds. , Borderline. New York: Springer Wien, 1998. Groat, Linda and David Wang. Architectural Research Methods ( 2002 ) McKloskey, Francis, â€Å" Borderline- Part 5 † ( 2014 ) .Senior Theses.Paper 206. hypertext transfer protocol: //surface.syr.edu/architecture_theses/206 I

Venezuelan Media Censorship Essay - 1375 Words

Media censorship destroys the necessary objective journalism of a country and disturbs the freedom of expression of all citizens as well as the democracy of the country itself. There are many countries in the world whose governments impose such censorship in order to prevent information contrary to their beliefs to be known. The question is: how far would a government go to silence so many voices? Venezuela should be a democratic country with freedom of expression as its constitution states. The government should not violate the law by preventing the media from announcing news that all citizens and the rest of the world need to know regarding to what is happening in Venezuela everyday. It is commonly known that all citizens should have the†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the real question is, if the president of the country and the attorney general commit these serious violations to the law by censoring citizens to express him or herself, what would prevent the citizens from disrespecting the constitution as well? As mentioned before, people in charge of the Venezuelan government have made so many violations to the law and human rights that it alarmed several international organizations. To illustrate, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights received several reports and petitions in the past years in order to protect human rights violated by the government (Brewer-Carà ­as, 2010 p.386-387). Some examples of those violations are attacks to freedom of expression by closing TV channels and radio stations, and numerous physical attacks to journalists from the opposition. In fact, Venezuelan human rights have suffered in the past decade as never before, calling attention to several establishments to protect human rights as the example mentioned above. However, others might argue the distortion of this freedom of expression law by explaining that some news reports are not informed accurately. As Brewer-Carà ­as states, â€Å"the problem with this law is the definition of the â€Å"official† truth and the rejection of any other possible truth† (2010, p.153). Therefore, the view some people might argue in regard to freedom ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Writing1044 Words   |  5 PagesAsia† reviewed by the instructor, I started one of the sentences with â€Å"However, the amount and pattern †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in order to connect this new sentence to my previous one by showing contrast. Another example comes from my final draft of the essay, â€Å"Venezuelan Media Censorship.† Where I wrote â€Å"In addition, it is not only the fact that many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to show inclusion to my previous sentence and connect both similar ideas. Another strength I have developed is the correct use of semicolons. For example, in the first paragraphRead MoreVenezuela s Impact On Venezuela1339 Words   |  6 Pagesairline companies.† A combination of factors have contributed to this major shortage including a â€Å"lack of foreign capital and declining oil prices† but the root of the problem ultimately comes from the countries â€Å"socialist economic policies.† The Venezuelan government has also been accused of both lies and propaganda regarding how they are portraying this food crisis to the rest of the world. â€Å"Government officials met with supermarket chain representatives to guarantee supplies,† and according to stateRead MoreThe Methods Of Legalitarianization In Russia And The Legalization Of Russia1320 Words   |  6 Pagespainfully awkward propaganda move there was backlash from the writer of the song saying they don’t support him or the Venezuelan government in any way. This shows that for propaganda to be effective there has to be support building already . People will be more willing to accept propaganda if they already support the ideology, it supplementally builds support. Though social media and pop culture can be used as strong propaganda, as seen by Putin, it takes time to build. Failure to use effective propagandaRead MoreCensorship Freedom Of The Press1746 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom of the press as the right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information through the printed world without government restraint. On the other part, Sunwoo Nam and Inhwan Oh (1973, p.74), described freedom of the press as the freedom of the media to engage in the adversary role, being a vigilant and independent watchdog of the government, free to criticize the policies and personnel of the power elite without fear of arbitrary sanction. Both authors focused on the main element of freedom whichRead MoreMedi A Powerful Tool Of Communication1409 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Media, being the most powerful tool of communication there is, influence societies in many ways. In fact the hypodermic needle theory states that passive audiences are directly influenced by media. On the other hand, from a Marxist perspective, one can argue the opposite that it is the audiences who influence the information which is produced via the media. In this essay this group assessed and contrasted the media of three countries namely Singapore, Jamaica and Bolivia in relation to theirRead MoreLatin America And The Caribbean2587 Words   |  11 PagesAtlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana. The north of the country is bordered by the Caribbean, the east by Guyana and the Atlantic Ocean, the south by Brazil, and to the west and southwest by Colombia. Venezuela has four distinguished regions: the Venezuelan Highlands in the west, the Maracaibo Lowlands in the northwest, the vast central plain of Los Llanos around the Orinoco River, and the Guyana region in the extreme south , which includes part of the Amazon rainforest and the Guyana highlands. Venezuela’sRead MoreThe Role Of Media Systems Throughout The United States1992 Words   |  8 Pagesexpectancy comparable to that of the United States. Costa Rica also has a legacy of supporting education, beginning with universal free public education in 1879, thus leading to the rapid development and expansion of all forms of media. To fully understand the role of Media Systems throughout Costa Rica, we must first consider the nation’s history. In the colonial era, Costa Rica was often forgotten, as it lacked the labor force and mineral wealth the Spanish colonists were interested in. In 1824Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesatmosphere changes. The least politicized voters, those who are undecided as the election nears and those whose decision to vote for a candidate or ballot measure could be easily changed, are the primary target of the bulk of the 155 campaigns media blitz. For these voters, the campaign will create short, memorable slogans plus blasts at the opposition. The newspapers then react and give primary attention to these slogans, to the mudslinging, and to the rise and fall of the polls. The issuesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesInterior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments

Who Is Eduardo San Juan, Designer of the Lunar Rover

Mechanical engineer Eduardo San Juan (aka The Space Junkman) worked on the team that invented the Lunar Rover, or Moon Buggy. San Juan is considered the primary designer of the Lunar Rover. He was also the designer of the Articulated Wheel System. Prior to the Apollo program, San Juan worked on the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). First Use of the Moon Buggy In 1971, the Moon Buggy was first used during the Apollo 12 landing to explore the moon. The Lunar Rover was a  battery-powered,  four-wheeled  rover  also used on the moon  in the last three missions of the American  Apollo program  (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. The Lunar Rover was transported to the moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry one or two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the moon. What Is a Moon Buggy Anyway? The Moon Buggy weighed  460 pounds and was designed to hold a  payload  of 1,080 pounds.  The frame was 10 feet long with a wheelbase of 7.5 feet. The vehicle was 3.6 feet tall. The frame was made of  aluminum alloy  tubing welded assemblies and consisted of a three-part chassis that was hinged in the center so it could be folded up and hung in the Lunar Module Quadrant 1 bay. It had two side-by-side foldable seats made of tubular  aluminum with nylon webbing and aluminum floor panels. An armrest was mounted between the seats, and each seat had adjustable footrests and a  Velcro-fastened seat belt. A large mesh dish antenna was mounted on a mast on the front center of the rover. The suspension consisted of a double horizontal wishbone with upper and lower torsion bars and a damper unit between the chassis and upper wishbone. Eduardo San Juans Education and Awards Eduardo San Juan graduated from Mapua Institute of Technology. He then studied nuclear engineering at the University of Washington. In 1978, San Juan received one of the Ten Outstanding Men (TOM) awards in science and technology. On a Personal Note Elisabeth San Juan, the proud daughter of Eduardo San Juan, had the following to say about her father: When my father submitted the conceptual design for the Lunar Rover he submitted it via Brown Engineering, a company owned by Lady Bird Johnson. During the final test demonstration to select one design from various submissions, his was the only one that worked. Thus, his design won the NASA Contract. His overall concept and design of the Articulated Wheel System was considered brilliant. Each wheel appendage was mounted not underneath the vehicle, but was placed outside the body of the vehicle, and each was motorized. Wheels could work independently of the others. It was designed to negotiate crater ingress and egress. The other vehicles did not make it into or out of the test crater. Our father, Eduardo San Juan, was a very positively-charged creative who enjoyed a healthy sense of humor.

The Inequalities Of Lung Cancer Prevalence On Terms Of...

The scientific community in the twentieth century has seen a dramatic expansion in medicine and public health. Through these expansions, it is noted that health outcomes are affected not only by biological factors, but also by the disparities that individuals face due to the occupancy of opposite ends of the social spectrum. Such health inequalities are applicable to smoking-related health issues like lung cancer. The aim of this essay is to describe the inequalities in lung cancer prevalence in terms of socioeconomic status. The four explanations will be used to explain the existence of the inequalities behind this health issue. Smoking is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The exposure to tobacco smoking negatively impacts the health of an individual over time by increasing the risks of developing diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems (Ministry of Health, 2005). In particular, smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. With repeated exposure, inhalation of tobacco into the lungs causes a build up of tar, altering lung tissue (Cockerham, 2007; Marmot and Wilkinson, 2006). This direct use of tobacco accounts for the death of 5 million people around the world. In the United States, 444,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking, were 13 years of life lost for a male smoker and 14.5 years lost for a female (Cockerham, 2007; WHO, 2012). In New Zealand, tobacco use is the main cause of preventable death, contributing to around 4600 deathsShow MoreRelatedSmoking Is The Primary Cause Of Preventable Diseases Essay1978 Words   |  8 Pagesconditions, ranging from cancers in the respiratory tract and cardiovascular diseases to psychiatric disorders (Kuper, Adami Boffetta, 2002). Smoking is found to be disproportionately more prevalent among the disadvantaged individuals in society (Marmot Wilkinson, 2006). A tobacco-caused disease epidemic emerged in the twentieth century and persists till today, during which the incidence of lung cancer, of which 90% is caused by smoking, rose drastically (Witschi, 2001). Lung cancer is a medical conditionRead MoreHigh Blood Pressure Among African American Essay2491 Words   |  10 Pagesdefined as systolic pressure which is greater than 140mm Hg, and diastolic pressure which is over 90mm Hg. Hypertension influences the health outcomes of black Americans more than other races in the United States. Racial discrimination and socioeconomic status are two major factors which influence the rate of high blood pressure in the black American population. Hypertension is a developing problem worldwide associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In 2020, theRead MoreHow to Live to Be 1001662 Words   |  7 PagesLife expectancy is the average length of time persons, defined by age, sex, ethnic group, and socioeconomic status in a given society, are expected to live. The older population is the most rapidly increasing segment of the U.S. population. Since 1900 the number of older adults has increased over ten times and their percentage of the population has more than tripled. This increase is projected to continue at a rate of 1.3 percent annually until 2010. (Torrez, p.132) The number of ethnic minorityRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Tobacco On Individuals With Poor Health And Wellbeing Outcomes1415 Words   |  6 PagesHighlighting the inequalities of health and wellbeing within communities and addressing facts that there are individuals suffering from social, environmental and genetic disadvantages resulting them to have poorer health outcomes in comparison to others. The key priority of this health plan is healthier eating and active living, promote and increase healthy physical activities, the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables and reduce obesity, overweight, and diabetes prevalence; promote tobacco-freeRead MoreEthnic Differences Between The United Kingdom And America3747 Words   |  15 Pagesthat ethnic minority groups endure which effect their health status. In doing this, I will highlight several explanations put forth by social scientists, such as cultural, socioeconomic and racial approaches whilst incorporating different literature , such as the works of Bartley (2004), Nettleton (2013) and Nazroo (1997). Before exploring the many explanations that social scientists offer to explain the ethnic differences in health status, it is important to acknowledge that gathering data on ‘racialRead More Psychological and Sociological Factors in Smoking Addiction 2475 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant part in determining patterns of smoking prevalence (Jarvis, 2004). Psychological Aspects of the Habit of Smoking Once smoking became a habit or you became addicted, it is hard to beat. It is such a strong addiction that if you tried to quit, it will come back and became harder to break. Most people start smoking at their early teens and once they reach adulthood, they are already addicted. According to the Department of Health (2003), Cancer Research UK (2010) and the Office of NationalRead MoreThe World Health Organization : A Global Public Health Treaty2306 Words   |  10 Pages2011). Between 1980 and 2012, global rates of smoking for ages 15 years have declined from 41.2% to 31.1% for men, and from 10.6% to 6.2% in women (Ng et al., 2014). However, it should be noted that the average rate of decline in daily smoking prevalence does not increase following In the period following 2005. It also appears as though the FCTC has been more effective in developed countries than developing countries z5117653 3 of 12 (see figure 1). The FCTC stipulates that each nation mustRead MoreThe Effects of Culture and Ethnicity on Tobacco Prevention and Cessation5317 Words   |  21 Pagesusage (from 34.4% to 23.2%), existing flammable tobacco usage (from 33.1% to 21.0%), and existing cigarette usage (from 27.9% to 15.8%) (See Figure 2 in Appendix 1) (Current Tobacco Use, 2011). Cancer, Cardiovascular disease A new report has been the 3rd within a number of WHO reviews about the status of worldwide tobacco control strategy execution (WHO, 2011). All information about the level of nations accomplishment for that 6 MPOWER procedures happen to be kept up to date throughout 2010Read MoreSmoking Cessation Of Pregnancy : Review Of Current Strategies9414 Words   |  38 Pagesbeen linked to increased risk of obstetric and foetal adverse outcomes. Barriers to quitting are multi-factorial and the approach needs to be versatile and patient specific, taking into consideration the dynamics of ethnicity, psychosocial and socioeconomic status. The aim of this paper is to highlight the different strategies that have been evaluated looking at ways of enabling pregnant women to quit smoking. Furthermore, smoking cessation in special population groups and global initiatives on smokingRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesreadiness for school (From Neurons to Neighborhoods 2000; Eager to Learn 2000; Early Learning Standards 2002). Because the focus on preschool learning in California includes the full range of developmental domains, the term foundations is used rather than standards. This term is intended to convey that learning in every domain affects young children’s readiness for school. Content of This Volume The preschool learning foundations presented in this volume cover the following domains:

Technology for Youth †Boon or Bane Free Essays

Technolgy has revolutionized the human existence. Much of the progress that mankind has made in different fields right from the stone age to the modern age is due to the progress made in the field of science and technology. Not only material progress but also the mental outlook of man has been influenced by it. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology for Youth – Boon or Bane or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has made man’s life happier and more comfortable. Agriculture, business, transport, communication and medicine to name a few are all highly indebted to the wonders, science has produced. We have become scientifically more advanced from our ancestors.This is because the world has undergone a tremendous change because of the rapid strides made by the science and technology. Anything, which has advantages, has disadvantages also and this holds truth in case of technology as well. Nowadays, if we have to reserve a seat in a railway comportment we need not go to the railway booking counter, we can do this just through the Internet by E-Reservation system. Similarly, if we have to send a message to anyone, instead of sending a conventional letter we can send an e-mail.Telephones and mobile phones are so commonly being used by us that it has become difficult now to image life without them. All this, I feel, is enough for us to realize that technology has entered into our day-to-day life. Electricity is one of the greatest wonders of modern science. The growth of fast modes of transport and communication has changed the world into global village. In the field of agriculture, science and technology has helped in increasing the crop production and improving quality.Science has enabled man to diagnose and treat many dangerous diseases. Information technology and computers have revolutionized our life-styles. But, the boon of science, in many cases, has been turned into bane because of its misuse. Science has posed a threat to the very existence of mankind with weapons-nuclear, biological, atomic, chemical etc. Cyber crime is the latest addition to crimes’ list. Misapplication of science has brought mankind to the path of destruction. We should use science to get its blessings and not misuse it to make it a curse.Advantages : Internet provides one of the greatest benefits when it is used to provide educational opportunities for students based on their abilities and interests. Any lesson can become more motivating, exciting, and memorable for a student when it is aided with audio-video information from the internet. Brain research shows that individuals remember events and facts in more detail for a longer period of time if there are emotions involved in the initial learning experience.Therefore the Internet can increase the emotional impact of lessons and make learning interesting, fun and meaningful to students. When students gain experience learning for the pure joy of learning, their emotional interest, intrinsic motivation, and hunger for knowledge also increases The internet is a powerful resource for learning as well as an efficient means of communication. E-mail, chatting etc. have given a new way to discuss, impart and spread education through internet communication.Its use in education provides a number of specific learning benefits like independent learning, development of research skills, access to resources etc. The internet is a huge bank of learning material. It keeps on expanding the resources available to students beyond the standard print materials found in school libraries. It gives students access to the latest reports on government and non-government websites which include research material, scientific and artistic resources in museums and art galleries and other organisations with information applicable to student learning. One of the main advantages of the internet is that it a time-efficient tool for teachers which has the possibility of curriculum development by incorporating internet-based activities into mainstream literacy programs and bringing diversity to their teaching strategies. Disadvantages : Risky chatting in chat rooms dedicated to teenagers another problem area. Paedophiles often frequent chat rooms where they know children and teens will spend much of their time. A real life meeting with such might lead to abduction, rape, torture or even murderPast studies have shown a change in social trend where teenagers are rejecting real relationships and friendships for cyber relationships. This can have several unforeseen implications. Internet has increasingly become a way to escape problems or relieve negative mood, which is not a good solution. Traditional methods of dealing with such problems are proper, effective and reliable way. Though the Internet is a treasure of information but not all of it is beneficial for the betterment of the society. Some information like a step-by-step tutorial on how to make a pipe bomb can lead to serious consequences both for the culprit and the public.The Internet also exposes children with inaccurate information from unreliable sites and confuses students by exposing them to con world of Advertisers who have one aim and that is to sell their products. This leads to misinterpretation of facts and unwise judgements. Not everything on Internet is accurate or legit. The answer to ‘Whether technology is Boon or Bane is Debatable’ and just like all the other advancements in technology, we have to accept the two sides of the same coin. The Technogy can and will be used for good or bad. How to cite Technology for Youth – Boon or Bane, Essays

Crossing Researcher Public Boundaries †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Crossing Researcher Public Boundaries. Answer: Introduction In relation to the dilemma in business ethics of Mac Donald, the article provides with a brief review on the codes and norms of business ethics. The subject is about the illegal usage of computers at work places. The security administrator was in charge of the duty to provide weekly reports showing the web pages accused by employees. The usage of unethical websites not mentioned to the employees earlier. As per the official documents, those using these websites will not be able to continue their work in the company. Ethical dilemma of the Mac Donald Company The employees of the company use unauthorized websites during the office hours. This is the reason for ethical dilemma. The company should take actions against unethical business practices (Dzombak, 2017). It includes the dignity, value and respect for being an employee in the organization (Ferguson, Thornley and Gibb, 2016). There are various regulations in the ACS code of ethics. Public interest- Personal interest should not conflict with work at the work place. Quality and standard of living- Use of proper codes and business ethics creates better living standards. This value system also enhance in the improvement of the life style for those affected due to work. competition- It includes the sincere competitive attribute for the stakeholders and the organization by following business ethics. Honesty and loyalty- There must be complete loyalty and honesty at the work place while delivering the work. Professional development- It includes increase in the growth of ones career in a corporate world. Being professional - It involves the values to be complete professional in the organization. ACS code of professional conduct After being the member of ACS, it provides dignity and honor to the respective professional body (Thomas, Duessel and Meier 2017). It includes the following laws and codes followed and maintained for a good business ethics and standards. The interest of the public always kept above the personal and business interests. It should not coincide with the work and office (Kuespert 2017). Increase in the standard and quality life for those who get affect due to work. Business ethics creates quality life. It includes honesty and loyalty in terms of knowledge, talent and skills for the desired services. There must be utmost loyalty at the workplace. It includes diligent factor among stakeholders of the company and the competitive strength. It means use of expertise to raise the production and competition level when required for the benefit of the business. It helps to increase integrity at the business and the organization in terms of complete professionalism. ACS code aims at individual functioning with the respective job designations in the corporate world. Use of business ethics and laws solve the organization issues and dilemmas. Business ethics is involved in proper use of business plans and policies in handling the issues and unlawful practice occurs in the organization. Therefore, there must be proper awareness in relation to company guidelines for all the employees in order to avoid unethical business practices. References Dzombak, D.A., 2017. Crossing Researcher-Public Boundaries.Environmental science technology,51(3), pp.1057-1057. Ferguson, S., Thornley, C. and Gibb, F., 2016. Beyond codes of ethics: how library and information professionals navigate ethical dilemmas in a complex and dynamic information environment.International Journal of Information Management,36(4), pp.543-556. Kuespert, D.R., 2017. Safety and ethics in ACS and major scientific and engineering societies: A gap analysis.Journal of Chemical Health and Safety. Thomas, G., Duessel, P. and Meier, M., 2017. Ethical Issues Of User Behavioral Analysis Through Machine Learning.Journal of Information System Security,13(1).